We’ve gotten a clarification regarding the game’s slight censorship, via a representative from Atlus:
I want to stress again that the changes to the images are just minor edits. A lot of people are quick to assume that it’s nudity-related, when even the Japanese version had no full-nudity images. As a company, we looked at all the game’s content and identified the images that we assumed would be the most difficult to get by ratings boards. Through consultations, we were made aware of what images would have pushed the game to an AO rating, a classification that would prevent the game from being releasable in the US, period.
So what did we do? We tried to do right by our fans: we took the feedback about the images and worked with the developer to keep the images in question as close to the original as possible, but reduce their objectionable nature. We do not plan on releasing the unedited images, but the changes are so minor, we are confident that it’s as close to the Japanese release as possibly allowed.